Showing posts with label nutrition. Show all posts
Showing posts with label nutrition. Show all posts
Wednesday, November 4, 2015
Every Sip of Plain Water Reduces Your T2DM Risk, Oxidized Proteins are Better Indicators of Metabolic Health Than Oxi-Lipids and Melatonin Can Rein Expanding Fat Cells in
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| The "apple a day" is the epitome of nutritional factors influencing your health. |
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Exercise Research Uptake Nov '14 1/2
Exercise Research Uptake Nov '14 2/2
Weight Loss Supplements Exposed
Exercise Supplementation Quickie
Low Food Quality, Not High Sugar Drives Obesity
Read the Latest Ex. Science Update
- Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPPs) are more Related to Metabolic Syndrome Components than Biomarkers of Lipid Peroxidation (Venturini. 2015) - As previously hinted at, AOPPs are not exactly the #1 marker of how severe one's metabolic syndrome is. Rather than advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), most researchers use markers of lipid peroxidation to determine the level of oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients - because they are more reliable? No, but rather because that's what they've done for decades in spite of the fact that a direct comparison between protein and has not been performed yet.
The aim of a recent study from the University of Londrina was thus to compare protein peroxidation with lipid peroxidation measured by two different methodologies [tert-butyl hydroperoxide initiate chemiluminescence (CL-LOOH) and ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX) assay]. The hypothesis the scientists wanted to prove was that AOPPs would be more related to MetS than oxidative markers of lipid peroxidation. To validate it, they conducted a cross-sectional study with 76 patients with MetS and 20 healthy subjects serving as controls.
The results of the study unsurprisingly confirmed that that the prooxidant-antioxidant index (PAI) assessed as AOPPs/TRAP ratio progressively increased (p<0.05) according to the number of MetS components. For the AOPPs and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) it took five components, e.g. obesity, insulin resistance, etc. for them to increase (p<0.05) when five components were compared to three components.
More importantly, though, the spearman`s test the scientists conducted to evaluate the predictive value of AOPPs confirmed high correlations of the quantity of damaged proteins, the waist circumference (WC) (r= 0.318, p<0.01), fasting glucose (r= 0.250, p<0.05), HOMA-IR (r= 0.043, p<0.01), triacylglycerol (r= 0.713, p<0.0001), hsCRP (r= 0.275, p<0.05) and uric acid (r= 0.356, p<0.01) levels, whereas there was inverse correlation with HDLc (r= −0.399, p<0.001).
Table 1: Here's the problem: Neither the hydroperoxide count nor FOX which are often measured to assess the oxidative assault in order to classify the severity of MetS show sign (bold) correlations with the quantity, i.e. MetS severity they're supposed to quantify (Venturini. 2015).
That's not better than the prooxidant-anioxidant index, though, but significantly more reliable than a simple measure of lipid peroxidation. As the authors point out, "[i]n a broader context, the impact of this original work lays in the importance of determining AOPP in the study of metabolic syndrome patients; understanding the mechanisms by which an early event in MetS pathophysiology, such as oxidative stress act on chronic diseases will enable us to comprehend the rationale which underlies intervention in such conditions" (Venturini. 2015). As always, though, more studies are warranted to confirm the present data. - Melatonin reduces obesity and restores adipokine patterns and metabolism in obese (ob/ob) mice (Favero. 2015) - Before I discuss the results of the study at hand, let me briefly deal with the rumor that taking melatonin supplements would make you insulin resistant that's all over Facebook, recently.
While there's no doubt that the study people cite to substantiate their claims shows a sign. reduction in the clearance of glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test, the whole regimen Rubio-Sastre et al. used is BOGUS, ... unless obviously you take your melatonin pill and start pigging out on a glass of liquid sugar there-after instead of going to bed. In other words, with the timing being "take a melatonin pill, wait for the melatonin to hit your blood stream, do the glucose tolerance test", the protocol has nothing to do with the way you're supposed to take melatonin, i.e. 1-2 hours after your last meal and ~1h before you go to bed without bedtime candy. When it's released at the right time and away from the immediate post-prandial phase, melatonin is after all a negative predictor of your T2DM risk (McMullan. 2013).
Against that background it's not really surprising that a team of scientists from the University of Verona recently observed that "[m]elatonin supplementation by regulating inflammatory infiltration ameliorates obesity-induced adipokine alteration" (Favero. 2015). That's a result that stands in line with those of previous studies showing that
Figure 1: Melatonin acts it anti-metabolic-syndrome magic right at the level of the fat cell (Favero. 2015) - melatonin will increase the expression of leptin in fat cells and thus tell your body there was more fat around (Alonso-Vale. 2005) - something that may be interesting particularly for reduced obese people who cannot lose weight / regain weight easily;
- melatonin will also inhibit the formation of new fat cells and storage of extra-energy in (Alonso‐Vale. 2009; Zhang. 2010) - an effect of which most people ignore that it could be partly responsible for the acute reduction in insulin sensitivity, especially in under-muscled post-menopausal women as they were used as subjects in the Rubio-Sastre study, because any reduction in lipid storage in the fat cells obviously means that the extra energy would have to be stored elsewhere;
- melatonin promotes the browning of white and activity of brown fat cells and thus the positive metabolic activity of your body fat (Heldmaier. 1974; Tan. 2011)
- Higher plain water intake is associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk: A cross-sectional study in humans (Carroll. 2015) - As a waredownloadsoft reader you know about the importance of optimal hydration, right (if not click here)?
If so, you will probably not be extremely surprised that researchers from the University of Bristol found that not British tea, but rather a high plain water intake is associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk in 138 adults from Southwest and Southeast England who answered a cross-sectional online survey assessing T2D risk (using the Diabetes UK risk assessment), physical activity (using the short International Physical Activity Questionnaire), and consumption of fruits, vegetables and beverages (using an adapted version of the Cambridge European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Food Frequency Questionnaire).
More specifically, the scientists found (a) a significant negative association between plain water intake and type II diabete (T2D) risk scores and (b) an impressive 0.72 pt reduction in T2D risk score for every 240mL cup of water consumed per day
Figure 2: Fully adj. associations between intake of beverages (mL/d) and diabetes risk score (Carroll. 2015)
That's in contrast to the significant positive correlation the scientists observed for full-fat milk and the non-significant correlation for caffeinated beverages. Likewise worth mentioning is probably that (a) the effects were most pronounced in older individuals aged 60–69 years and people with a high, but not extreme waist circumference of 100-109 cm. Why's that important? Both the age group and the waist size indicate being at a decisive point at which the next months or centimeters can make the difference between staying slightly insulin resistance and developing full-blown diabetes.
What else? Well, since this is a "nutrition research update", I guess it may be worth mentioning the recent scientific debate about the role of exercise in losing and maintaining weight. In several comments in scientific papers scientists have argued that the role of exercise in weight loss had been exaggerated and they are - you as an active individual know that - right; despite the fact that we all know that diet and exercise are only two sides of the 'healthy lifestyle coin' (Brady. 2015).
What they forget is that exercise has proven beneficial effects on your psyche and congnition (Hughes. 1984; Stephens. 1988; Wankel. 1993; Laurin. 2001, etc.). What they forget is that exercise will keep you mobile and your bones and muscles from withering away (Rogers. 1993; Daley. 2000; Williams. 2002). What they forget is that exercise is one of the main determinants of whether it's fat or other tissue weight you're losing when you're dieting and what they forget is that physical fitness is a much better determinant of one's metabolic health than the ratio of height²/weight scientists call the "body mass index" (BMI). Make sure you don't forget that when you read one of these infectious articles on Internet | Comment on Facebook!
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| Whether you're young or old, nutrition counts, but it's not the only determinant of your psychological and physiological health | Learn more about the role of nutrition in aging. |
References:
- Alonso-Vale, Maria Isabel Cardoso, et al. "Melatonin enhances leptin expression by rat adipocytes in the presence of insulin." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 288.4 (2005): E805-E812.
- Alonso‐Vale, Maria Isabel Cardoso, et al. "Adipocyte differentiation is inhibited by melatonin through the regulation of C/EBPβ transcriptional activity." Journal of pineal research 47.3 (2009): 221-227.
- Brady, Anne O., et al. "Physical Activity and Exercise: Important Complements to Nutrition in Older Adults." Handbook of Clinical Nutrition and Aging. Springer New York, 2015. 355-374.
- Carroll, Harriet A., Mark G. Davis, and Angeliki Papadaki. "Higher plain water intake is associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk: A cross-sectional study in humans." Nutrition Research (2015).
- Daley, Monica J., and Warwick L. Spinks. "Exercise, mobility and aging." Sports Medicine 29.1 (2000): 1-12.
- Favero et al. "Melatonin reduces obesity and restores adipokine patterns and metabolism in obese (ob/ob) mice." Nutrition Research (2015): in press.
- Heldmaier, Gerhard, and Klaus Hoffmann. "Melatonin stimulates growth of brown adipose tissue." (1974): 224-225.
- Hughes, John R. "Psychological effects of habitual aerobic exercise: A critical review." Preventive medicine 13.1 (1984): 66-78.
- Laurin, Danielle, et al. "Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons." Archives of neurology 58.3 (2001): 498-504.
- McMullan, Ciaran J., et al. "Melatonin secretion and the incidence of type 2 diabetes." Jama 309.13 (2013): 1388-1396.
- Rubio-Sastre, Patricia, et al. "Acute melatonin administration in humans impairs glucose tolerance in both the morning and evening." Sleep 37.10 (2014): 1715.
- Venturini, Danielle, Andréa Name Colado Simão, and Isaias Dichi. "Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPPs) are more Related to Metabolic Syndrome Components than Biomarkers of Lipid Peroxidation." Nutrition Research (2015).
- Rogers, Marc A., and William J. Evans. "Changes in skeletal muscle with aging: effects of exercise training." Exercise and sport sciences reviews 21.1 (1993): 65-102.
- Stephens, Thomas. "Physical activity and mental health in the United States and Canada: evidence from four population surveys." Preventive medicine 17.1 (1988): 35-47.
- Tan, D‐X., et al. "Significance and application of melatonin in the regulation of brown adipose tissue metabolism: relation to human obesity." Obesity Reviews 12.3 (2011): 167-188.
- Wankel, Leonard M. "The importance of enjoyment to adherence and psychological benefits from physical activity." International Journal of Sport Psychology (1993).
- Williams, Glenn N., Michael J. Higgins, and Michael D. Lewek. "Aging skeletal muscle: physiologic changes and the effects of training." Physical Therapy 82.1 (2002): 62-68.
- Wolden-Hanson, T., et al. "Daily Melatonin Administration to Middle-Aged Male Rats Suppresses Body Weight, Intraabdominal Adiposity, and Plasma Leptin and Insulin Independent of Food Intake and Total Body Fat 1." Endocrinology 141.2 (2000): 487-497.
- Zanuto, Ricardo, et al. "Melatonin improves insulin sensitivity independently of weight loss in old obese rats." Journal of pineal research 55.2 (2013): 156-165.
- Zhang, Liangming, et al. "Melatonin inhibits adipogenesis and enhances osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells by suppressing PPARγ expression and enhancing Runx2 expression." Journal of pineal research 49.4 (2010): 364-372.
Silicon-Powered Anti-Heart Disease Sausages / High Protein Breakfast, High Satiety, No Change in Food Intake / 49% Higher Chance of Healthy Aging Depends on Moderation
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| Can you pump them up w/ silicon and to negate their atherosclerotic effects!? |
That sounds interesting? Fine! I am not going to waste any more time and will fast forward to the first study...
Read more short news on various topics here at the waredownloadsoft
Exercise Research Uptake Nov '14 1/2
Exercise Research Uptake Nov '14 2/2
Nutrition and (Anti-)Aging News Special
Exercise Supplementation Quickie
Exercise Research Uptake Jan 12, 2015
Read the Latest Ex. Science Update
- Breakfasts Higher in Protein Increase Postprandial Energy Expenditure, Increase Fat Oxidation, and Reduce Hunger in Overweight Children from 8 to 12 Years of Age - In the eponymous study, Baum et al. determined whether consumption of a protein-based breakfast (PRO) increases postprandial energy metabolism and substrate oxidation, reduces hunger, and reduces food intake at lunch compared with a carbohydrate-based breakfast (CHO) in normal weight (NW) vs. overweight/obese (OW) children. Both, the normal and over-weight children participated in the same randomized, crossover protocol that arranged for all participants to be served a
- high PRO [344 kcal, 21% protein (18 g), 52% carbohydrate, and 27% fat] or
- high CHO [327 kcal, 4% protein (3 g), 67% carbohydrate, and 29% fat]
The results were unambiguous: After breakfast, OW children in the PRO group had higher (P < 0.0001) EEs and fat oxidation over the 4 h period than did the NW children in the CHO and PRO groups. Of these, the increase in energy expenditure was transient and didn't last for the full 4h period. The increase in fat oxidation in response to the high protein intake, on the other hand, lasted for the full 4 h period (+16%; P < 0.05) and went hand in hand with a surprisingly pronounced 32% increase in carbohydrate oxidation in the PRO vs. CHO (P < 0.01) trial.
Figure 1: Energy expenditure, fat and carbohydrate oxidation in the 4h post breakfast (Blum. 2015).
Now, all this sounds great, but even though the subjects experienced decreased feelings of hunger (−14%; P < 0.01) and increased fullness (+32%; P < 0.05) after the PRO than the CHO breakfast, the lack of effect on the intake at the subsequent ad-libitum lunch is disappointing to say the least. This and the lack of long-term data make it very difficult to predict if a similar increase in protein during breakfast only would actually help the subjects lose weight.
Table 1: Despite decreased hunger and increased fullness, the protein breakfast did not reduce the total energy intake or modify the macronutrient ratio of the foods the kids selected at the lunch buffet (Baum. 2015). - Silicon ... not breasts, but enhanced meat may protect older individuals against atherosclerosis - That's at least what a recent rodent study by Garcimartin et al. (2015) suggests.
"Research has shown that silicon can play an important role in protecting against degenerative diseases. Restructuring pork by partially disassembling meat would permit the incorporation of active components with potential functional effects. However, there has been no research to date on the impact that silicon, as a functional ingredient in restructured pork (RP), has on lipoprotein composition, metabolism, and oxidation" (Garcimartin. 2015).
In order to find out whether the addition of silicon would actually have a meaningful effect, the scientists added 1.3g/kg silicon to sausages that were then fed to one group of old rodents while the rest received regular, non-enriched sausages as part of regular and pro-atherogenic cholesterol-enriched diets.
The results were quite astonishing, as is partially normalized the changes induced by the high cholesterol diet. Compared with the rodents who received the regular sausages, those on the silicon sausages had lower VLDL compound concentrations (P < 0.001; e.g., 75% less VLDL cholesterol) and a significantly reduced VLDL oxidation (65% less conjugated dienes and 85% less TBARS) that went hand in hand with an increase in LDL-receptor expression (200% more).
In spite of the fact that there are differences in the susceptibility of mouse and man to the pro-atherogenic diets of the results do - just as the authors point out - still suggest that silicon added to restructure pork can strongly counterbalanced the negative effect of high-cholesterol-ingestion and, as I would like to add, the negative effects of endogenous cholestrol (by increasing its uptake by LDL receptors and decreasing its susceptibility to oxidation) thus "functioning as an active hypocholesterolemic, hypolipemic, and antioxidant dietary ingredient" (Garcimartin. 2015).
Figure 1: The silicon in the sausages increased the LDL receptor density to (almost) normal, the amount of cholesterol protecting AE in the blood and liver, as well as its ratio to the amount of cholesterol. The result is obvious: With as little oxidized VLDL in the blood as the control, we can safely assume that the rodents that consumed the silicon enriched sausages have a sign. lower atherosclerosis risk (Garcimartin. 2015). - Healthy eating requires a controlled (not restricting) energy intake to increase one's chance of "aging healthily" by almost 50% - If you question if eating "healthy" and not eating everything in sight is even worth it, you will like the results of a recent study from the Sorbonne in Paris (Essmann. 2015).
In her latest study Karen E Essmann and her colleagues analyzed the diets of a subgroup of 2769 participants of the SU.VI.MAX (SUpplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux AntioXydants) trial. They identified subjects consuming "healthy" and those on the "standard Western diet", adjusted the data for a large number of potential confounders and the influence of high(er) and low(er) energy intakes.
In that, the scientists found that the association between "healthy eating" and "healthy aging" was mediated by low(er) energy intakes. Only in subjects with median or lower energy intakes, the association between "healthy eating" and "healthy aging" reached statistical significance, so that the non-gluttonous "healthy eaters" were 49% more likely to age healthily.
Table 2: Overview of the criteria the scientists applied to identify "healthy eating" - CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale; DKTMT, Delis-Kaplan version of the Trail Making Test; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; RI-48, 48-item cued recall test; SF-36, Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery.
Since we are already talking "healthy eating", let's briefly mention that scientists from the University of Eastern Finland just confirmed the obvious (Haapala. 2015): A poorer diet quality is associated with worse cognition in children. What is a bit surprising, though, is that the relationship was stronger in boys than in girls.
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| In contrast to Blum's study, a previous study with high fat breakfasts showed sign. reduced 24h food intakes | more |
And if that was not complex enough, take a look at the silicon sausage study. With the right additives even something as junk-foody as sausages can have almost "medical" effects. Whether silicon supplements have the same effects in men and women, though, would require future (long-term) studies | Comment on Facebook!
- Assmann, et al. "A Healthy Dietary Pattern at Midlife, Combined with a Regulated Energy Intake, Is Related to Increased Odds for Healthy Aging." J. Nutr. first published on 5 August 2015 doi:10.3945/jn.115.210740
- Baum, et al. "Breakfasts Higher in Protein Increase Postprandial Energy Expenditure, Increase Fat Oxidation, and Reduce Hunger in Overweight Children from 8 to 12 Years of Age." J. Nutr. first published on 12 August 2015 doi:10.3945/jn.115.214551
- Garcimartín, et al. "Silicon-Enriched Restructured Pork Affects the Lipoprotein Profile, VLDL Oxidation, and LDL Receptor Gene Expression in Aged Rats Fed an Atherogenic Diet." J. Nutr. first published on 5 August 2015 doi:10.3945/jn.115.213934
- Haapala, et al. "Associations of diet quality with cognition in children – the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children Study." British Journal of Nutrition (2015): FirstView Article.
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