Showing posts with label satiety. Show all posts
Showing posts with label satiety. Show all posts

Wednesday, November 4, 2015

When it Comes to its Satiety Effect, More Protein Doesn't Help More - Athletes Trying to Lose Weight May Fare Better if They Spread Their Intake to Several 20-30g Servings

One scoop would suffice to maximize satiety. And as far as the energy balance and the compensation effect is concerned 20g of protein is actually more effective than 40, 60, or 80 g.
Come on, if you've read my article about the insulinogenic effects of whey protein ("Whey More Insulinogenic Than White Bread: Insulin Spike is Mediated by GIP Secretion in the Gut & Effect of EAAs on the Pancreas + Why Whey is Still the Better Choice" | read more), you can hardly be surprised that the insulin spike that occurs with the ingestion of large amounts of easily digestible protein and the subsequent clearance of blood sugar in healthy individuals may impair the satiating effects of protein. So, is it really that surprising that a recent investigation into the effects of dose manipulation on the subjective sensations of appetite and food intake in a cohort of athletes did not confirm the brosciene principle "you can never eat too much protein"?
You can learn more about protein intake at the waredownloadsoft

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Unless your brain has already shriveled away under the influence of all the ammonia that is produced when you neglect the classic "energy delivering" nutrients, i.e. fat and carbohydrate, and "nurture" yourself with a 80% protein diet, it should thus not surprise you that the Kristen MacKenzie-Shalders, Nuala Byrne, Gary Slater, and Neil King found that 20, 40, 60 and 80g of whey protein had the exact same (within the usual statistical margin) effect on the appetite sensation of the 10 male athletes who performed both resistance and aerobic (endurance) training (21.2 ± 2.3 years; 181.7 ± 5.7 cm and 80.8 ± 6.1 kg) the researchers from the s, Queensland University of Technology, the Bond University, and the University of the Sunshine Coast had recruited for the four counter-balanced testing sessions during which the subjects consumed a manipulated whey protein supplement (20, 40, 60 or 80 g protein) 1 hour after a standardised breakfast.
Figure 1: Effects of 20, 40, 60 and 80g post-breakfast whey protein "snack" on hunger (VAS | MacKenzie-Shalders. 2015)
From previous waredownloadsoft articles you will be aware of the futility of visual appetite scores (you get a line where a cross on the left would "no hunger" and on the right would be "ravenous" and the scientists simple measure where their subjects left their mark) as they were used to create Figure 1.
One piece of advice: If you want to make it easy for yourself and your clients, just stick to the waredownloadsoft 30g of quality protein (=high EAA, like meats, eggs, fish, dairy, pea, soy, etc.) with every meal. If you follow this simple rule, and eat 3-5 meals per day and an optional whey protein shake after workouts you come damn close to "optimal". This does not mean that a lower meal frequency and intermittent or alternate day fasting cannot be viable short-term strategies to shed body fat if you are dieting, or a sedentary couch potato (Johnstone. 2014).
Figure 2: Food intake of subsequent ad-libitum meal that was served thee hours after the protein supplement and thus 4h after standardized breakfast (MacKenzie-Shalders. 2015).
What really counts are not subjective feelings, but objectively measurable data. Data like those represented in Figure 2, data that represent the subsequent energy intake on an ad-libitum (=eat as much as you want) meal that was served three hours after the protein supplement.

Eventually, the additional data from the test meal does yet not change the original results: While the provision of extra protein 1h after the test breakfast lead to a significant decrease in ratings of hunger (50–65%; P < 0.05) at the time of supplement consumption, the scientists did not find evidence to confirm the broscientific hypothesis that more protein would trigger a more pronounced appetite suppression.

It is thus not surprising that there were no significant differences between the conditions at any time point for the energy consumed in the ad libitum meal, either: 4382 ± 1004, 4643 ± 982, 4514 ± 1112, 4177 ± 1494 kJ - that's basically the exact same intake, irrespective of the size of the protein preload.
So what do we make with the results? The authors are making a point, when they caution that "excessive, frequent protein intake may be problematic if they compromise [an athlete's] dietary energy or carbohydrate intake relative to their individual requirements" (MacKenzie-Shalders. 2015). On the other hand, the study provides a mechanistic explanation for the observation that staggering a meal containing 14% protein over a longer time frame significantly impacts on appetite hormones including glucagon-like peptide 1 (learn more) and ghrelin (more) with higher satiety sensations and lessened sensations of hunger over three hours (Lemmens, Martens, Born, Martens, & Westerterp-Plantenga, 2011).
It is thus obvious that neither the whey induced decrease in appetite ratings, nor its effects on energy intake on a subsequent meal scale (=in this case this means "increase") with the amount of whey protein you "snack", bro ;-)

Practically speaking the result is thus much similar to studies on the protein synthetic response to whey protein in young individuals. Studies, which show that the same 20g of whey protein which suffice to maximally stimulate the post-prandial protein synthesis (in young men!), will also be enough to maximize the satiety effect of whey protein. Whether this ceiling effect is in any form related to the initially cited insulinogenic effect of whey protein is yet questionable, because the latter "ceils" with ~30g, too. In view of the fact that the energy-overcompensation was maximal with the 20g dose (20g protein ~80kcal; energy reduction on subsequent meal ~120kcal+), it appears logical to assume that anyone looking to lose weight would be best off if he or she ingested more frequent 20-30g whey meals vs. one bolus ingestion of 80-120g - a result that is in line with the latest meta-analysis on the effects of meal frequency on weight loss and body composition which also suggests that there's "a potential benefit of increased feeding [and thus protein intake] frequencies for enhancing body composition" (Schoenfeld. 2015) | Comment on Facebook!
References:
  • Johnstone, A. "Fasting for weight loss: an effective strategy or latest dieting trend&quest." International Journal of Obesity (2014).
  • Lemmens, Sofie G., et al. "Staggered meal consumption facilitates appetite control without affecting postprandial energy intake." The Journal of nutrition 141.3 (2011): 482-488.
  • MacKenzie-Shalders, Kristen, et al. "The effect of a whey protein supplement dose on satiety and food intake in resistance training athletes." Appetite (2015).
  • Schoenfeld, Brad Jon, Alan Albert Aragon, and James W. Krieger. "Effects of meal frequency on weight loss and body composition: a meta-analysis." Nutrition Reviews 73.2 (2015): 69-82.
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Hunger & Satiety - Is it All Just in Our Heads? Psychology Looms Large and the Energy Content is Readily Overridden by the Texture and Thickness of Foods and Beverages

Hours before your gut even knows how much energy the stuff you ate actually contained, your brain guesstimates its satiety effects and... as you may expect... is quite easy to fool. In some cases with "bingy" consequences.
If you ask people about how to eat to increase your satiety, you will probably hear something like: "Dude, you gotta eat less carbohydrates and more protein!" or "Yo bro, you gotta eat a ketogenic diet with lots of da good fats!" How futile and potentially consequential the vilification of individual nutrients can be, becomes obvious if one analyses how consumer expectations modify responses to ingested nutrients.

As a waredownloadsoft reader you know that satiety is not an objectively predictable quantity. The degree of satiety we feel after a meal is influence by a complex integration of cognitive, sensory and post-ingestive signals which are generated by the consumed product and its interaction with the environment and out belief system.
Learn more about the effects of your diet on your body composition at the waredownloadsoft

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So, to fully understand what satiates us, one has to go beyond the stupid carbohydrate vs. protein vs. fat discussion and try to develop what Yeomans (2015) demands, i.e....
"[a] better understanding of how these different signals interact could allow the development of novel products optimised to produce satiety, thereby helping to counteract the effects of obesogenic lifestyles" (Jeomans. 2015).
In the latest paper in the Nutrition Bulletin the scientists reviews recent studies, conducted largely as part of the BBSRC DRINC initiative, which examined how beliefs about satiety before food ingestion and the sensory experience during ingestion together influence how the consumer responds to food. Examples? Well, here you go. The two most common effects are...
  • Sensory enhance satiety - Thicker drinks will be considered more satiating than thinner drinks; even if the thin drink had sign. more calories, the thick one did still produce the greater satiety expectation and (short term) satiety response.
    Figure 1: A high protein meal is only more satiating than a high carb meal, if it is also thicker (HP+: thick high protein, HC+: thick high carb, HP-: thin high protein meal | Bertenshaw. 2013)
    Even if protein is added, the satiety effect vanishes if this does not add to the texture of the product (Bertenshaw. 2013 | see Figure 1).
Artificial sweeteners have also been accused of cheating your body into the false belief that he was fed tons of energy and thus of triggering rebound hunger and binges. The reality looks very different, though | learn more.
Not all that's initially satiating is "gold" - beware of the rebound hunger! If the consumer’s experience of satiety is stronger when the post-ingestive effects of nutrient ingestion are predicted by the product’s sensory qualities, what happens if expectations of satiety are high but actual nutrient delivery is less than expected? Yes, they will feel more more hungry just prior to the testmeal, and crucially, studies also confirm that they will then consume more, than if they had consumed the same amount of energy without the expectation of satiety. As Yeomans points out this rebound hunger effect is usually explained by the downstream physiological effects that are generated by the expectations (e.g. an increased insulin release appropriate for a much larger meal | Smeets et al. 2010). If that's actually the case (scientists are still debating if this occurs chronically) the rebound hunger could turn "diet foods" into obesogens!
  • Cognitively-enhanced satiety - If something is thick or thin, this will obviously have both physical and cognitive effects on the satiety response, but that's nothing "learning" could not change. In fact, studies have repeatedly shown that the same effect can be achieved by changing expectations through cognitive approaches, such as product labelling and contextual information. There has been a marked increase in the number of products available to consumers that make explicit reference to their ability to counter post-ingestive hunger, with these claims based on the products’ ingredients (usually higher levels of protein and fibre).
    Table 1: It's all about finding the right words. Describing a drink / snack as refreshing or filling will influence the consumer's hunger and thirst response to the drink; these are the original product descriptors the subjects in the study by McCrickerd et al. were provided with (McCrickerd. 2014).
    A further study conducted as part of the BBSRC DRINC programme lends support to that argument (McCrickerd et al. 2014). Again, based on a pre-load design with covert energy manipulation, participants consumed the same low and high energy dairy-juice drinks used in previous studies, but rather than enhancing satiety expectations by manipulating sensory characteristics, the key manipulation was persuading the consumers that the product was either specially designed to suppress appetite or to assuage thirst.

    Whereas compensation for covert energy in the absence of satiety expectations was weak (6%), this increased to 35% when the products were consumed with the belief that they suppressed appetite. Although this cognitive effect was not as strong as a high as it was, when the sensory characteristics were manipulated 70% compensation), it clearly demonstrates that beliefs alone can enhance nutrient-derived satiety.
In view of the results presented in this SV article, it's hardly surprising that 4 scoops of protein are not sign. more satiating than one scoop | more
The results of these studies leave little room for a classic, mechanistic concept of satiety. Rather than that, they highlight the integrative nature of satiety and pave the way for updated models of satiety and novel products that should aid consumers' ability to regulate their appetite.

Whether simply knowing about the ability of label claims to modify the products effect on your response is enough to negate it, would actually be an important next step to do. After all, you as waredownloadsoft readers should be significantly less susceptible to the "placebo satiety" effect of satiety promoting "functional foods" than the average bro  | Comment on Facebook!
References:
  • Bertenshaw, Emma J., Anne Lluch, and Martin R. Yeomans. "Perceived thickness and creaminess modulates the short-term satiating effects of high-protein drinks." British Journal of Nutrition 110.03 (2013): 578-586.
  • McCrickerd, Keri, Lucy Chambers, and Martin R. Yeomans. "Fluid or fuel? The context of consuming a beverage is important for satiety." PloS one 9.6 (2014): e100406.
  • Yeomans, M. R. "Cued satiety: How consumer expectations modify responses to ingested nutrients". Nutrition Bulletin, 40 (2015): 100–103. doi: 10.1111/nbu.12139
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